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This commit is contained in:
Seth Hobson
805
plugins/game-development/skills/godot-gdscript-patterns/SKILL.md
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805
plugins/game-development/skills/godot-gdscript-patterns/SKILL.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,805 @@
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---
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name: godot-gdscript-patterns
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description: Master Godot 4 GDScript patterns including signals, scenes, state machines, and optimization. Use when building Godot games, implementing game systems, or learning GDScript best practices.
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---
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# Godot GDScript Patterns
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Production patterns for Godot 4.x game development with GDScript, covering architecture, signals, scenes, and optimization.
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## When to Use This Skill
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- Building games with Godot 4
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- Implementing game systems in GDScript
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- Designing scene architecture
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- Managing game state
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- Optimizing GDScript performance
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- Learning Godot best practices
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## Core Concepts
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### 1. Godot Architecture
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```
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Node: Base building block
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├── Scene: Reusable node tree (saved as .tscn)
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├── Resource: Data container (saved as .tres)
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├── Signal: Event communication
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└── Group: Node categorization
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```
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### 2. GDScript Basics
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```gdscript
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class_name Player
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extends CharacterBody2D
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# Signals
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signal health_changed(new_health: int)
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signal died
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# Exports (Inspector-editable)
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@export var speed: float = 200.0
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@export var max_health: int = 100
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@export_range(0, 1) var damage_reduction: float = 0.0
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@export_group("Combat")
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@export var attack_damage: int = 10
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@export var attack_cooldown: float = 0.5
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# Onready (initialized when ready)
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@onready var sprite: Sprite2D = $Sprite2D
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@onready var animation: AnimationPlayer = $AnimationPlayer
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@onready var hitbox: Area2D = $Hitbox
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# Private variables (convention: underscore prefix)
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var _health: int
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var _can_attack: bool = true
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func _ready() -> void:
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_health = max_health
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func _physics_process(delta: float) -> void:
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var direction := Input.get_vector("left", "right", "up", "down")
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velocity = direction * speed
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move_and_slide()
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func take_damage(amount: int) -> void:
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var actual_damage := int(amount * (1.0 - damage_reduction))
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_health = max(_health - actual_damage, 0)
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health_changed.emit(_health)
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if _health <= 0:
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died.emit()
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```
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## Patterns
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### Pattern 1: State Machine
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```gdscript
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# state_machine.gd
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class_name StateMachine
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extends Node
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signal state_changed(from_state: StringName, to_state: StringName)
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@export var initial_state: State
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var current_state: State
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var states: Dictionary = {}
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func _ready() -> void:
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# Register all State children
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for child in get_children():
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if child is State:
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states[child.name] = child
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child.state_machine = self
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child.process_mode = Node.PROCESS_MODE_DISABLED
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# Start initial state
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if initial_state:
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current_state = initial_state
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current_state.process_mode = Node.PROCESS_MODE_INHERIT
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current_state.enter()
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func _process(delta: float) -> void:
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if current_state:
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current_state.update(delta)
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func _physics_process(delta: float) -> void:
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if current_state:
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current_state.physics_update(delta)
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func _unhandled_input(event: InputEvent) -> void:
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if current_state:
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current_state.handle_input(event)
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func transition_to(state_name: StringName, msg: Dictionary = {}) -> void:
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if not states.has(state_name):
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push_error("State '%s' not found" % state_name)
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return
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var previous_state := current_state
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previous_state.exit()
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previous_state.process_mode = Node.PROCESS_MODE_DISABLED
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current_state = states[state_name]
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current_state.process_mode = Node.PROCESS_MODE_INHERIT
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current_state.enter(msg)
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state_changed.emit(previous_state.name, current_state.name)
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```
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```gdscript
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# state.gd
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class_name State
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extends Node
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var state_machine: StateMachine
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func enter(_msg: Dictionary = {}) -> void:
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pass
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func exit() -> void:
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pass
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func update(_delta: float) -> void:
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pass
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func physics_update(_delta: float) -> void:
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pass
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func handle_input(_event: InputEvent) -> void:
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pass
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```
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```gdscript
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# player_idle.gd
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class_name PlayerIdle
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extends State
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@export var player: Player
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func enter(_msg: Dictionary = {}) -> void:
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player.animation.play("idle")
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func physics_update(_delta: float) -> void:
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var direction := Input.get_vector("left", "right", "up", "down")
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if direction != Vector2.ZERO:
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state_machine.transition_to("Move")
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func handle_input(event: InputEvent) -> void:
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if event.is_action_pressed("attack"):
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state_machine.transition_to("Attack")
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elif event.is_action_pressed("jump"):
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state_machine.transition_to("Jump")
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```
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### Pattern 2: Autoload Singletons
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```gdscript
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# game_manager.gd (Add to Project Settings > Autoload)
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extends Node
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signal game_started
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signal game_paused(is_paused: bool)
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signal game_over(won: bool)
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signal score_changed(new_score: int)
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enum GameState { MENU, PLAYING, PAUSED, GAME_OVER }
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var state: GameState = GameState.MENU
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var score: int = 0:
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set(value):
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score = value
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score_changed.emit(score)
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var high_score: int = 0
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func _ready() -> void:
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process_mode = Node.PROCESS_MODE_ALWAYS
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_load_high_score()
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func _input(event: InputEvent) -> void:
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if event.is_action_pressed("pause") and state == GameState.PLAYING:
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toggle_pause()
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func start_game() -> void:
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score = 0
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state = GameState.PLAYING
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game_started.emit()
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func toggle_pause() -> void:
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var is_paused := state != GameState.PAUSED
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if is_paused:
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state = GameState.PAUSED
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get_tree().paused = true
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else:
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state = GameState.PLAYING
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get_tree().paused = false
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game_paused.emit(is_paused)
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func end_game(won: bool) -> void:
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state = GameState.GAME_OVER
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if score > high_score:
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high_score = score
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_save_high_score()
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game_over.emit(won)
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func add_score(points: int) -> void:
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score += points
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func _load_high_score() -> void:
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if FileAccess.file_exists("user://high_score.save"):
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var file := FileAccess.open("user://high_score.save", FileAccess.READ)
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high_score = file.get_32()
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func _save_high_score() -> void:
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var file := FileAccess.open("user://high_score.save", FileAccess.WRITE)
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file.store_32(high_score)
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```
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```gdscript
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# event_bus.gd (Global signal bus)
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extends Node
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# Player events
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signal player_spawned(player: Node2D)
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signal player_died(player: Node2D)
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signal player_health_changed(health: int, max_health: int)
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# Enemy events
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signal enemy_spawned(enemy: Node2D)
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signal enemy_died(enemy: Node2D, position: Vector2)
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# Item events
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signal item_collected(item_type: StringName, value: int)
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signal powerup_activated(powerup_type: StringName)
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# Level events
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signal level_started(level_number: int)
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signal level_completed(level_number: int, time: float)
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signal checkpoint_reached(checkpoint_id: int)
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```
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### Pattern 3: Resource-based Data
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```gdscript
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# weapon_data.gd
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class_name WeaponData
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extends Resource
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@export var name: StringName
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@export var damage: int
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@export var attack_speed: float
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@export var range: float
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@export_multiline var description: String
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@export var icon: Texture2D
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@export var projectile_scene: PackedScene
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@export var sound_attack: AudioStream
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```
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```gdscript
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# character_stats.gd
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class_name CharacterStats
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extends Resource
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signal stat_changed(stat_name: StringName, new_value: float)
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@export var max_health: float = 100.0
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@export var attack: float = 10.0
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@export var defense: float = 5.0
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@export var speed: float = 200.0
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# Runtime values (not saved)
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var _current_health: float
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func _init() -> void:
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_current_health = max_health
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func get_current_health() -> float:
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return _current_health
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func take_damage(amount: float) -> float:
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var actual_damage := maxf(amount - defense, 1.0)
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_current_health = maxf(_current_health - actual_damage, 0.0)
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stat_changed.emit("health", _current_health)
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return actual_damage
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func heal(amount: float) -> void:
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_current_health = minf(_current_health + amount, max_health)
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stat_changed.emit("health", _current_health)
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func duplicate_for_runtime() -> CharacterStats:
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var copy := duplicate() as CharacterStats
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copy._current_health = copy.max_health
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return copy
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```
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```gdscript
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# Using resources
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class_name Character
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extends CharacterBody2D
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@export var base_stats: CharacterStats
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@export var weapon: WeaponData
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var stats: CharacterStats
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func _ready() -> void:
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# Create runtime copy to avoid modifying the resource
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stats = base_stats.duplicate_for_runtime()
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stats.stat_changed.connect(_on_stat_changed)
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func attack() -> void:
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if weapon:
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print("Attacking with %s for %d damage" % [weapon.name, weapon.damage])
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func _on_stat_changed(stat_name: StringName, value: float) -> void:
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if stat_name == "health" and value <= 0:
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die()
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```
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### Pattern 4: Object Pooling
|
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```gdscript
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# object_pool.gd
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class_name ObjectPool
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extends Node
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@export var pooled_scene: PackedScene
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@export var initial_size: int = 10
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@export var can_grow: bool = true
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var _available: Array[Node] = []
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var _in_use: Array[Node] = []
|
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|
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func _ready() -> void:
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_initialize_pool()
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func _initialize_pool() -> void:
|
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for i in initial_size:
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_create_instance()
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func _create_instance() -> Node:
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var instance := pooled_scene.instantiate()
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instance.process_mode = Node.PROCESS_MODE_DISABLED
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instance.visible = false
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add_child(instance)
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_available.append(instance)
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|
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# Connect return signal if exists
|
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if instance.has_signal("returned_to_pool"):
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instance.returned_to_pool.connect(_return_to_pool.bind(instance))
|
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|
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return instance
|
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|
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func get_instance() -> Node:
|
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var instance: Node
|
||||
|
||||
if _available.is_empty():
|
||||
if can_grow:
|
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instance = _create_instance()
|
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_available.erase(instance)
|
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else:
|
||||
push_warning("Pool exhausted and cannot grow")
|
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return null
|
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else:
|
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instance = _available.pop_back()
|
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|
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instance.process_mode = Node.PROCESS_MODE_INHERIT
|
||||
instance.visible = true
|
||||
_in_use.append(instance)
|
||||
|
||||
if instance.has_method("on_spawn"):
|
||||
instance.on_spawn()
|
||||
|
||||
return instance
|
||||
|
||||
func _return_to_pool(instance: Node) -> void:
|
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if not instance in _in_use:
|
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return
|
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|
||||
_in_use.erase(instance)
|
||||
|
||||
if instance.has_method("on_despawn"):
|
||||
instance.on_despawn()
|
||||
|
||||
instance.process_mode = Node.PROCESS_MODE_DISABLED
|
||||
instance.visible = false
|
||||
_available.append(instance)
|
||||
|
||||
func return_all() -> void:
|
||||
for instance in _in_use.duplicate():
|
||||
_return_to_pool(instance)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gdscript
|
||||
# pooled_bullet.gd
|
||||
class_name PooledBullet
|
||||
extends Area2D
|
||||
|
||||
signal returned_to_pool
|
||||
|
||||
@export var speed: float = 500.0
|
||||
@export var lifetime: float = 5.0
|
||||
|
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var direction: Vector2
|
||||
var _timer: float
|
||||
|
||||
func on_spawn() -> void:
|
||||
_timer = lifetime
|
||||
|
||||
func on_despawn() -> void:
|
||||
direction = Vector2.ZERO
|
||||
|
||||
func initialize(pos: Vector2, dir: Vector2) -> void:
|
||||
global_position = pos
|
||||
direction = dir.normalized()
|
||||
rotation = direction.angle()
|
||||
|
||||
func _physics_process(delta: float) -> void:
|
||||
position += direction * speed * delta
|
||||
|
||||
_timer -= delta
|
||||
if _timer <= 0:
|
||||
returned_to_pool.emit()
|
||||
|
||||
func _on_body_entered(body: Node2D) -> void:
|
||||
if body.has_method("take_damage"):
|
||||
body.take_damage(10)
|
||||
returned_to_pool.emit()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Pattern 5: Component System
|
||||
|
||||
```gdscript
|
||||
# health_component.gd
|
||||
class_name HealthComponent
|
||||
extends Node
|
||||
|
||||
signal health_changed(current: int, maximum: int)
|
||||
signal damaged(amount: int, source: Node)
|
||||
signal healed(amount: int)
|
||||
signal died
|
||||
|
||||
@export var max_health: int = 100
|
||||
@export var invincibility_time: float = 0.0
|
||||
|
||||
var current_health: int:
|
||||
set(value):
|
||||
var old := current_health
|
||||
current_health = clampi(value, 0, max_health)
|
||||
if current_health != old:
|
||||
health_changed.emit(current_health, max_health)
|
||||
|
||||
var _invincible: bool = false
|
||||
|
||||
func _ready() -> void:
|
||||
current_health = max_health
|
||||
|
||||
func take_damage(amount: int, source: Node = null) -> int:
|
||||
if _invincible or current_health <= 0:
|
||||
return 0
|
||||
|
||||
var actual := mini(amount, current_health)
|
||||
current_health -= actual
|
||||
damaged.emit(actual, source)
|
||||
|
||||
if current_health <= 0:
|
||||
died.emit()
|
||||
elif invincibility_time > 0:
|
||||
_start_invincibility()
|
||||
|
||||
return actual
|
||||
|
||||
func heal(amount: int) -> int:
|
||||
var actual := mini(amount, max_health - current_health)
|
||||
current_health += actual
|
||||
if actual > 0:
|
||||
healed.emit(actual)
|
||||
return actual
|
||||
|
||||
func _start_invincibility() -> void:
|
||||
_invincible = true
|
||||
await get_tree().create_timer(invincibility_time).timeout
|
||||
_invincible = false
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gdscript
|
||||
# hitbox_component.gd
|
||||
class_name HitboxComponent
|
||||
extends Area2D
|
||||
|
||||
signal hit(hurtbox: HurtboxComponent)
|
||||
|
||||
@export var damage: int = 10
|
||||
@export var knockback_force: float = 200.0
|
||||
|
||||
var owner_node: Node
|
||||
|
||||
func _ready() -> void:
|
||||
owner_node = get_parent()
|
||||
area_entered.connect(_on_area_entered)
|
||||
|
||||
func _on_area_entered(area: Area2D) -> void:
|
||||
if area is HurtboxComponent:
|
||||
var hurtbox := area as HurtboxComponent
|
||||
if hurtbox.owner_node != owner_node:
|
||||
hit.emit(hurtbox)
|
||||
hurtbox.receive_hit(self)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gdscript
|
||||
# hurtbox_component.gd
|
||||
class_name HurtboxComponent
|
||||
extends Area2D
|
||||
|
||||
signal hurt(hitbox: HitboxComponent)
|
||||
|
||||
@export var health_component: HealthComponent
|
||||
|
||||
var owner_node: Node
|
||||
|
||||
func _ready() -> void:
|
||||
owner_node = get_parent()
|
||||
|
||||
func receive_hit(hitbox: HitboxComponent) -> void:
|
||||
hurt.emit(hitbox)
|
||||
|
||||
if health_component:
|
||||
health_component.take_damage(hitbox.damage, hitbox.owner_node)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Pattern 6: Scene Management
|
||||
|
||||
```gdscript
|
||||
# scene_manager.gd (Autoload)
|
||||
extends Node
|
||||
|
||||
signal scene_loading_started(scene_path: String)
|
||||
signal scene_loading_progress(progress: float)
|
||||
signal scene_loaded(scene: Node)
|
||||
signal transition_started
|
||||
signal transition_finished
|
||||
|
||||
@export var transition_scene: PackedScene
|
||||
@export var loading_scene: PackedScene
|
||||
|
||||
var _current_scene: Node
|
||||
var _transition: CanvasLayer
|
||||
var _loader: ResourceLoader
|
||||
|
||||
func _ready() -> void:
|
||||
_current_scene = get_tree().current_scene
|
||||
|
||||
if transition_scene:
|
||||
_transition = transition_scene.instantiate()
|
||||
add_child(_transition)
|
||||
_transition.visible = false
|
||||
|
||||
func change_scene(scene_path: String, with_transition: bool = true) -> void:
|
||||
if with_transition:
|
||||
await _play_transition_out()
|
||||
|
||||
_load_scene(scene_path)
|
||||
|
||||
func change_scene_packed(scene: PackedScene, with_transition: bool = true) -> void:
|
||||
if with_transition:
|
||||
await _play_transition_out()
|
||||
|
||||
_swap_scene(scene.instantiate())
|
||||
|
||||
func _load_scene(path: String) -> void:
|
||||
scene_loading_started.emit(path)
|
||||
|
||||
# Check if already loaded
|
||||
if ResourceLoader.has_cached(path):
|
||||
var scene := load(path) as PackedScene
|
||||
_swap_scene(scene.instantiate())
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
# Async loading
|
||||
ResourceLoader.load_threaded_request(path)
|
||||
|
||||
while true:
|
||||
var progress := []
|
||||
var status := ResourceLoader.load_threaded_get_status(path, progress)
|
||||
|
||||
match status:
|
||||
ResourceLoader.THREAD_LOAD_IN_PROGRESS:
|
||||
scene_loading_progress.emit(progress[0])
|
||||
await get_tree().process_frame
|
||||
ResourceLoader.THREAD_LOAD_LOADED:
|
||||
var scene := ResourceLoader.load_threaded_get(path) as PackedScene
|
||||
_swap_scene(scene.instantiate())
|
||||
return
|
||||
_:
|
||||
push_error("Failed to load scene: %s" % path)
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
func _swap_scene(new_scene: Node) -> void:
|
||||
if _current_scene:
|
||||
_current_scene.queue_free()
|
||||
|
||||
_current_scene = new_scene
|
||||
get_tree().root.add_child(_current_scene)
|
||||
get_tree().current_scene = _current_scene
|
||||
|
||||
scene_loaded.emit(_current_scene)
|
||||
await _play_transition_in()
|
||||
|
||||
func _play_transition_out() -> void:
|
||||
if not _transition:
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
transition_started.emit()
|
||||
_transition.visible = true
|
||||
|
||||
if _transition.has_method("transition_out"):
|
||||
await _transition.transition_out()
|
||||
else:
|
||||
await get_tree().create_timer(0.3).timeout
|
||||
|
||||
func _play_transition_in() -> void:
|
||||
if not _transition:
|
||||
transition_finished.emit()
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
if _transition.has_method("transition_in"):
|
||||
await _transition.transition_in()
|
||||
else:
|
||||
await get_tree().create_timer(0.3).timeout
|
||||
|
||||
_transition.visible = false
|
||||
transition_finished.emit()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Pattern 7: Save System
|
||||
|
||||
```gdscript
|
||||
# save_manager.gd (Autoload)
|
||||
extends Node
|
||||
|
||||
const SAVE_PATH := "user://savegame.save"
|
||||
const ENCRYPTION_KEY := "your_secret_key_here"
|
||||
|
||||
signal save_completed
|
||||
signal load_completed
|
||||
signal save_error(message: String)
|
||||
|
||||
func save_game(data: Dictionary) -> void:
|
||||
var file := FileAccess.open_encrypted_with_pass(
|
||||
SAVE_PATH,
|
||||
FileAccess.WRITE,
|
||||
ENCRYPTION_KEY
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if file == null:
|
||||
save_error.emit("Could not open save file")
|
||||
return
|
||||
|
||||
var json := JSON.stringify(data)
|
||||
file.store_string(json)
|
||||
file.close()
|
||||
|
||||
save_completed.emit()
|
||||
|
||||
func load_game() -> Dictionary:
|
||||
if not FileAccess.file_exists(SAVE_PATH):
|
||||
return {}
|
||||
|
||||
var file := FileAccess.open_encrypted_with_pass(
|
||||
SAVE_PATH,
|
||||
FileAccess.READ,
|
||||
ENCRYPTION_KEY
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
if file == null:
|
||||
save_error.emit("Could not open save file")
|
||||
return {}
|
||||
|
||||
var json := file.get_as_text()
|
||||
file.close()
|
||||
|
||||
var parsed := JSON.parse_string(json)
|
||||
if parsed == null:
|
||||
save_error.emit("Could not parse save data")
|
||||
return {}
|
||||
|
||||
load_completed.emit()
|
||||
return parsed
|
||||
|
||||
func delete_save() -> void:
|
||||
if FileAccess.file_exists(SAVE_PATH):
|
||||
DirAccess.remove_absolute(SAVE_PATH)
|
||||
|
||||
func has_save() -> bool:
|
||||
return FileAccess.file_exists(SAVE_PATH)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
```gdscript
|
||||
# saveable.gd (Attach to saveable nodes)
|
||||
class_name Saveable
|
||||
extends Node
|
||||
|
||||
@export var save_id: String
|
||||
|
||||
func _ready() -> void:
|
||||
if save_id.is_empty():
|
||||
save_id = str(get_path())
|
||||
|
||||
func get_save_data() -> Dictionary:
|
||||
var parent := get_parent()
|
||||
var data := {"id": save_id}
|
||||
|
||||
if parent is Node2D:
|
||||
data["position"] = {"x": parent.position.x, "y": parent.position.y}
|
||||
|
||||
if parent.has_method("get_custom_save_data"):
|
||||
data.merge(parent.get_custom_save_data())
|
||||
|
||||
return data
|
||||
|
||||
func load_save_data(data: Dictionary) -> void:
|
||||
var parent := get_parent()
|
||||
|
||||
if data.has("position") and parent is Node2D:
|
||||
parent.position = Vector2(data.position.x, data.position.y)
|
||||
|
||||
if parent.has_method("load_custom_save_data"):
|
||||
parent.load_custom_save_data(data)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Performance Tips
|
||||
|
||||
```gdscript
|
||||
# 1. Cache node references
|
||||
@onready var sprite := $Sprite2D # Good
|
||||
# $Sprite2D in _process() # Bad - repeated lookup
|
||||
|
||||
# 2. Use object pooling for frequent spawning
|
||||
# See Pattern 4
|
||||
|
||||
# 3. Avoid allocations in hot paths
|
||||
var _reusable_array: Array = []
|
||||
|
||||
func _process(_delta: float) -> void:
|
||||
_reusable_array.clear() # Reuse instead of creating new
|
||||
|
||||
# 4. Use static typing
|
||||
func calculate(value: float) -> float: # Good
|
||||
return value * 2.0
|
||||
|
||||
# 5. Disable processing when not needed
|
||||
func _on_off_screen() -> void:
|
||||
set_process(false)
|
||||
set_physics_process(false)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Practices
|
||||
|
||||
### Do's
|
||||
- **Use signals for decoupling** - Avoid direct references
|
||||
- **Type everything** - Static typing catches errors
|
||||
- **Use resources for data** - Separate data from logic
|
||||
- **Pool frequently spawned objects** - Avoid GC hitches
|
||||
- **Use Autoloads sparingly** - Only for truly global systems
|
||||
|
||||
### Don'ts
|
||||
- **Don't use `get_node()` in loops** - Cache references
|
||||
- **Don't couple scenes tightly** - Use signals
|
||||
- **Don't put logic in resources** - Keep them data-only
|
||||
- **Don't ignore the Profiler** - Monitor performance
|
||||
- **Don't fight the scene tree** - Work with Godot's design
|
||||
|
||||
## Resources
|
||||
|
||||
- [Godot Documentation](https://docs.godotengine.org/en/stable/)
|
||||
- [GDQuest Tutorials](https://www.gdquest.com/)
|
||||
- [Godot Recipes](https://kidscancode.org/godot_recipes/)
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user