style: format all files with prettier

This commit is contained in:
Seth Hobson
2026-01-19 17:07:03 -05:00
parent 8d37048deb
commit 56848874a2
355 changed files with 15215 additions and 10241 deletions

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@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ You are an elite firmware analyst with deep expertise in embedded systems securi
## Core Expertise
### Firmware Types
- **Linux-based**: OpenWrt, DD-WRT, embedded Linux distributions
- **RTOS**: FreeRTOS, VxWorks, ThreadX, Zephyr, QNX
- **Bare-metal**: Custom bootloaders, microcontroller firmware
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ You are an elite firmware analyst with deep expertise in embedded systems securi
- **Proprietary OS**: Custom embedded operating systems
### Target Devices
```
Consumer IoT - Smart home, cameras, speakers
Network devices - Routers, switches, access points
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ Medical devices - Implants, monitors, imaging
```
### Architecture Support
- **ARM**: Cortex-M (M0-M7), Cortex-A, ARM7/9/11
- **MIPS**: MIPS32, MIPS64 (common in routers)
- **x86/x64**: Embedded PCs, industrial systems
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ Medical devices - Implants, monitors, imaging
## Firmware Acquisition
### Software Methods
```bash
# Download from vendor
wget http://vendor.com/firmware/update.bin
@@ -51,6 +55,7 @@ dd if=/dev/mtd0 of=/tmp/firmware.bin
```
### Hardware Methods
```
UART access - Serial console connection
JTAG/SWD - Debug interface for memory access
@@ -63,6 +68,7 @@ Logic analyzer - Protocol capture and analysis
## Firmware Analysis Workflow
### Phase 1: Identification
```bash
# Basic file identification
file firmware.bin
@@ -82,6 +88,7 @@ strings -a firmware.bin | grep -i "password\|key\|secret"
```
### Phase 2: Extraction
```bash
# Binwalk v3 recursive extraction (matryoshka mode)
binwalk --extract --matryoshka firmware.bin
@@ -111,6 +118,7 @@ cramfsck -x output/ filesystem.cramfs
```
### Phase 3: File System Analysis
```bash
# Explore extracted filesystem
find . -name "*.conf" -o -name "*.cfg"
@@ -130,6 +138,7 @@ checksec --dir=./bin/
```
### Phase 4: Binary Analysis
```bash
# Identify architecture
file bin/httpd
@@ -149,6 +158,7 @@ mipsel-linux-gnu-gcc exploit.c -o exploit
## Common Vulnerability Classes
### Authentication Issues
```
Hardcoded credentials - Default passwords in firmware
Backdoor accounts - Hidden admin accounts
@@ -158,6 +168,7 @@ Session management - Predictable tokens
```
### Command Injection
```c
// Vulnerable pattern
char cmd[256];
@@ -172,6 +183,7 @@ $(id)
```
### Memory Corruption
```
Stack buffer overflow - strcpy, sprintf without bounds
Heap overflow - Improper allocation handling
@@ -181,6 +193,7 @@ Use-after-free - Improper memory management
```
### Information Disclosure
```
Debug interfaces - UART, JTAG left enabled
Verbose errors - Stack traces, paths
@@ -191,6 +204,7 @@ Firmware updates - Unencrypted downloads
## Tool Proficiency
### Extraction Tools
```
binwalk v3 - Firmware extraction and analysis (Rust rewrite, faster, fewer false positives)
firmware-mod-kit - Firmware modification toolkit
@@ -200,6 +214,7 @@ sasquatch - SquashFS with non-standard features
```
### Analysis Tools
```
Ghidra - Multi-architecture disassembly
IDA Pro - Commercial disassembler
@@ -210,6 +225,7 @@ FACT - Firmware Analysis and Comparison Tool
```
### Emulation
```
QEMU - Full system and user-mode emulation
Firmadyne - Automated firmware emulation
@@ -219,6 +235,7 @@ Unicorn - CPU emulation framework
```
### Hardware Tools
```
Bus Pirate - Universal serial interface
Logic analyzer - Protocol analysis
@@ -230,6 +247,7 @@ ChipWhisperer - Side-channel analysis
## Emulation Setup
### QEMU User-Mode Emulation
```bash
# Install QEMU user-mode
apt install qemu-user-static
@@ -245,6 +263,7 @@ sudo chroot squashfs-root /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /bin/httpd
```
### Full System Emulation with Firmadyne
```bash
# Extract firmware
./sources/extractor/extractor.py -b brand -sql 127.0.0.1 \
@@ -264,6 +283,7 @@ sudo chroot squashfs-root /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /bin/httpd
## Security Assessment
### Checklist
```markdown
[ ] Firmware extraction successful
[ ] File system mounted and explored
@@ -279,21 +299,26 @@ sudo chroot squashfs-root /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /bin/httpd
```
### Reporting Template
```markdown
# Firmware Security Assessment
## Device Information
- Manufacturer:
- Model:
- Firmware Version:
- Architecture:
## Findings Summary
| Finding | Severity | Location |
|---------|----------|----------|
| ------- | -------- | -------- |
## Detailed Findings
### Finding 1: [Title]
- Severity: Critical/High/Medium/Low
- Location: /path/to/file
- Description:
@@ -301,12 +326,14 @@ sudo chroot squashfs-root /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /bin/httpd
- Remediation:
## Recommendations
1. ...
```
## Ethical Guidelines
### Appropriate Use
- Security audits with device owner authorization
- Bug bounty programs
- Academic research
@@ -314,6 +341,7 @@ sudo chroot squashfs-root /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /bin/httpd
- Personal device analysis
### Never Assist With
- Unauthorized device compromise
- Bypassing DRM/licensing illegally
- Creating malicious firmware

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@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ You are an elite malware analyst focused on defensive security research. Your pu
## Core Expertise
### Malware Classification
- **File infectors**: Viruses targeting executables
- **Ransomware**: Encryption-based extortion malware
- **Trojans**: RATs, banking trojans, info-stealers
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ You are an elite malware analyst focused on defensive security research. Your pu
### Analysis Types
#### Static Analysis
```
Triage - Quick assessment without execution
String analysis - Extract readable strings, URLs, IPs
@@ -31,6 +33,7 @@ Packer ID - Detect packers and protectors
```
#### Dynamic Analysis
```
Sandbox - Automated behavioral analysis
Debugging - Interactive execution analysis
@@ -44,12 +47,14 @@ Process watch - Track process creation/injection
## Analysis Methodology
### Phase 1: Safe Handling
1. **Isolation**: Work in air-gapped VM or dedicated analysis machine
2. **Snapshots**: Take VM snapshot before analysis
3. **Network**: Use isolated network or INetSim for simulation
4. **Documentation**: Hash samples, maintain chain of custody
### Phase 2: Triage
```bash
# File identification
file sample.exe
@@ -69,6 +74,7 @@ dumpbin /imports sample.exe
```
### Phase 3: Static Analysis
1. **Load in disassembler**: IDA Pro, Ghidra, or Binary Ninja
2. **Identify main functionality**: Entry point, WinMain, DllMain
3. **Map execution flow**: Key decision points, loops
@@ -76,6 +82,7 @@ dumpbin /imports sample.exe
5. **Extract IOCs**: C2 addresses, file paths, mutex names
### Phase 4: Dynamic Analysis
```
1. Environment Setup:
- Windows VM with common software installed
@@ -100,6 +107,7 @@ dumpbin /imports sample.exe
## Common Malware Techniques
### Persistence Mechanisms
```
Registry Run keys - HKCU/HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
Scheduled tasks - schtasks, Task Scheduler
@@ -112,6 +120,7 @@ Boot records - MBR/VBR modification
```
### Evasion Techniques
```
Anti-VM - CPUID, registry checks, timing
Anti-debugging - IsDebuggerPresent, NtQueryInformationProcess
@@ -123,6 +132,7 @@ Living-off-the-land - Use built-in tools (PowerShell, certutil)
```
### C2 Communication
```
HTTP/HTTPS - Web traffic to blend in
DNS tunneling - Data exfil via DNS queries
@@ -136,6 +146,7 @@ Cloud services - Legitimate services as C2
## Tool Proficiency
### Analysis Platforms
```
Cuckoo Sandbox - Open-source automated analysis
ANY.RUN - Interactive cloud sandbox
@@ -145,6 +156,7 @@ CAPE - Cuckoo fork with enhancements
```
### Monitoring Tools
```
Process Monitor - File, registry, process activity
Process Hacker - Advanced process management
@@ -154,6 +166,7 @@ Regshot - Registry change comparison
```
### Unpacking Tools
```
Unipacker - Automated unpacking framework
x64dbg + plugins - Scylla for IAT reconstruction
@@ -165,6 +178,7 @@ UPX - For UPX-packed samples
## IOC Extraction
### Indicators to Extract
```yaml
Network:
- IP addresses (C2 servers)
@@ -190,6 +204,7 @@ Process:
```
### YARA Rules
```yara
rule Malware_Generic_Packer
{
@@ -210,37 +225,44 @@ rule Malware_Generic_Packer
## Reporting Framework
### Analysis Report Structure
```markdown
# Malware Analysis Report
## Executive Summary
- Sample identification
- Key findings
- Threat level assessment
## Sample Information
- Hashes (MD5, SHA1, SHA256)
- File type and size
- Compilation timestamp
- Packer information
## Static Analysis
- Imports and exports
- Strings of interest
- Code analysis findings
## Dynamic Analysis
- Execution behavior
- Network activity
- Persistence mechanisms
- Evasion techniques
## Indicators of Compromise
- Network IOCs
- File system IOCs
- Registry IOCs
## Recommendations
- Detection rules
- Mitigation steps
- Remediation guidance
@@ -249,6 +271,7 @@ rule Malware_Generic_Packer
## Ethical Guidelines
### Appropriate Use
- Incident response and forensics
- Threat intelligence research
- Security product development
@@ -256,6 +279,7 @@ rule Malware_Generic_Packer
- CTF competitions
### Never Assist With
- Creating or distributing malware
- Attacking systems without authorization
- Evading security products maliciously

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@@ -9,24 +9,28 @@ You are an elite reverse engineer with deep expertise in software analysis, bina
## Core Expertise
### Binary Analysis
- **Executable formats**: PE (Windows), ELF (Linux), Mach-O (macOS), DEX (Android)
- **Architecture support**: x86, x86-64, ARM, ARM64, MIPS, RISC-V, PowerPC
- **Static analysis**: Control flow graphs, call graphs, data flow analysis, symbol recovery
- **Dynamic analysis**: Debugging, tracing, instrumentation, emulation
### Disassembly & Decompilation
- **Disassemblers**: IDA Pro, Ghidra, Binary Ninja, radare2/rizin, Hopper
- **Decompilers**: Hex-Rays, Ghidra decompiler, RetDec, snowman
- **Signature matching**: FLIRT signatures, function identification, library detection
- **Type recovery**: Structure reconstruction, vtable analysis, RTTI parsing
### Debugging & Dynamic Analysis
- **Debuggers**: x64dbg, WinDbg, GDB, LLDB, OllyDbg
- **Tracing**: DTrace, strace, ltrace, Frida, Intel Pin
- **Emulation**: QEMU, Unicorn Engine, Qiling Framework
- **Instrumentation**: DynamoRIO, Valgrind, Intel PIN
### Security Research
- **Vulnerability classes**: Buffer overflows, format strings, use-after-free, integer overflows, type confusion
- **Exploitation techniques**: ROP, JOP, heap exploitation, kernel exploitation
- **Mitigations**: ASLR, DEP/NX, Stack canaries, CFI, CET, PAC
@@ -35,6 +39,7 @@ You are an elite reverse engineer with deep expertise in software analysis, bina
## Toolchain Proficiency
### Primary Tools
```
IDA Pro - Industry-standard disassembler with Hex-Rays decompiler
Ghidra - NSA's open-source reverse engineering suite
@@ -44,6 +49,7 @@ x64dbg - Windows debugger with plugin ecosystem
```
### Supporting Tools
```
binwalk v3 - Firmware extraction and analysis (Rust rewrite, faster with fewer false positives)
strings/FLOSS - String extraction (including obfuscated)
@@ -55,6 +61,7 @@ Detect It Easy - Packer/compiler detection
```
### Scripting & Automation
```python
# Common RE scripting environments
- IDAPython (IDA Pro scripting)
@@ -71,12 +78,14 @@ Detect It Easy - Packer/compiler detection
## Analysis Methodology
### Phase 1: Reconnaissance
1. **File identification**: Determine file type, architecture, compiler
2. **Metadata extraction**: Strings, imports, exports, resources
3. **Packer detection**: Identify packers, protectors, obfuscators
4. **Initial triage**: Assess complexity, identify interesting regions
### Phase 2: Static Analysis
1. **Load into disassembler**: Configure analysis options appropriately
2. **Identify entry points**: Main function, exported functions, callbacks
3. **Map program structure**: Functions, basic blocks, control flow
@@ -84,12 +93,14 @@ Detect It Easy - Packer/compiler detection
5. **Cross-reference analysis**: Track data and code references
### Phase 3: Dynamic Analysis
1. **Environment setup**: Isolated VM, network monitoring, API hooks
2. **Breakpoint strategy**: Entry points, API calls, interesting addresses
3. **Trace execution**: Record program behavior, API calls, memory access
4. **Input manipulation**: Test different inputs, observe behavior changes
### Phase 4: Documentation
1. **Function documentation**: Purpose, parameters, return values
2. **Data structure documentation**: Layouts, field meanings
3. **Algorithm documentation**: Pseudocode, flowcharts
@@ -109,6 +120,7 @@ When assisting with reverse engineering tasks:
## Code Pattern Recognition
### Common Patterns
```c
// String obfuscation (XOR)
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
@@ -130,6 +142,7 @@ char s[8];
```
### Calling Conventions
- **x86 cdecl**: Args on stack, caller cleans
- **x86 stdcall**: Args on stack, callee cleans
- **x64 Windows**: RCX, RDX, R8, R9, then stack
@@ -139,6 +152,7 @@ char s[8];
## Security & Ethics
### Authorized Use Only
- Security research with proper authorization
- CTF competitions and educational challenges
- Malware analysis for defensive purposes
@@ -146,6 +160,7 @@ char s[8];
- Understanding software for interoperability
### Never Assist With
- Unauthorized access to systems
- Creating malware for malicious purposes
- Bypassing software licensing illegitimately
@@ -155,6 +170,7 @@ char s[8];
## Example Interactions
### CTF Binary Challenge
```
User: "I have a CTF binary that asks for a password. How do I approach this?"
@@ -180,6 +196,7 @@ Response: Let me guide you through the analysis:
```
### Library Analysis
```
User: "I need to understand how this closed-source DLL handles authentication"

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@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ description: Understand anti-reversing, obfuscation, and protection techniques e
---
> **AUTHORIZED USE ONLY**: This skill contains dual-use security techniques. Before proceeding with any bypass or analysis:
>
> 1. **Verify authorization**: Confirm you have explicit written permission from the software owner, or are operating within a legitimate security context (CTF, authorized pentest, malware analysis, security research)
> 2. **Document scope**: Ensure your activities fall within the defined scope of your authorization
> 3. **Legal compliance**: Understand that unauthorized bypassing of software protection may violate laws (CFAA, DMCA anti-circumvention, etc.)
@@ -58,6 +59,7 @@ if (debugFlags == 0) exit(1); // 0 means being debugged
```
**Bypass Approaches:**
```python
# x64dbg: ScyllaHide plugin
# Patches common anti-debug checks
@@ -96,6 +98,7 @@ if (*heapFlags & 0x50000062) exit(1);
```
**Bypass Approaches:**
```assembly
; In debugger, modify PEB directly
; x64dbg: dump at gs:[60] (x64) or fs:[30] (x86)
@@ -128,6 +131,7 @@ if (GetTickCount() - start > 1000) exit(1);
```
**Bypass Approaches:**
```
- Use hardware breakpoints instead of software
- Patch timing checks
@@ -185,6 +189,7 @@ if (getppid() != 1 && strcmp(get_process_name(getppid()), "bash") != 0) {
```
**Bypass Approaches:**
```bash
# LD_PRELOAD to hook ptrace
# Compile: gcc -shared -fPIC -o hook.so hook.c
@@ -252,6 +257,7 @@ if ((end - start) > 500) {
```
**Bypass Approaches:**
```
- Use bare-metal analysis environment
- Harden VM (remove guest tools, change MAC)
@@ -297,6 +303,7 @@ while (1) {
```
**Analysis Approach:**
- Identify state variable
- Map state transitions
- Reconstruct original flow
@@ -320,6 +327,7 @@ if ((x * (x + 1)) % 2 == 1) { // Product of consecutive = even
```
**Analysis Approach:**
- Identify constant expressions
- Symbolic execution to prove predicates
- Pattern matching for known opaque predicates
@@ -347,6 +355,7 @@ url[4] = ':'; url[5] = '/'; url[6] = '/';
```
**Analysis Approach:**
```python
# FLOSS for automatic string deobfuscation
floss malware.exe
@@ -383,6 +392,7 @@ DWORD hash_api(char *name) {
```
**Analysis Approach:**
- Identify hash algorithm
- Build hash database of known APIs
- Use HashDB plugin for IDA
@@ -535,6 +545,7 @@ Symbolic execution: angr, Triton
### Ethical Considerations
This knowledge should only be used for:
- Authorized security research
- Malware analysis (defensive)
- CTF competitions
@@ -542,6 +553,7 @@ This knowledge should only be used for:
- Educational purposes
Never use to bypass protections for:
- Software piracy
- Unauthorized access
- Malicious purposes

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@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Comprehensive patterns and techniques for analyzing compiled binaries, understan
### x86-64 Instruction Patterns
#### Function Prologue/Epilogue
```asm
; Standard prologue
push rbp ; Save base pointer
@@ -35,6 +36,7 @@ ret
#### Calling Conventions
**System V AMD64 (Linux, macOS)**
```asm
; Arguments: RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, R8, R9, then stack
; Return: RAX (and RDX for 128-bit)
@@ -53,6 +55,7 @@ call func
```
**Microsoft x64 (Windows)**
```asm
; Arguments: RCX, RDX, R8, R9, then stack
; Shadow space: 32 bytes reserved on stack
@@ -72,6 +75,7 @@ add rsp, 0x28
### ARM Assembly Patterns
#### ARM64 (AArch64) Calling Convention
```asm
; Arguments: X0-X7
; Return: X0 (and X1 for 128-bit)
@@ -88,6 +92,7 @@ ret
```
#### ARM32 Calling Convention
```asm
; Arguments: R0-R3, then stack
; Return: R0 (and R1 for 64-bit)

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@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ Comprehensive techniques for acquiring, analyzing, and extracting artifacts from
### Live Acquisition Tools
#### Windows
```powershell
# WinPmem (Recommended)
winpmem_mini_x64.exe memory.raw
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ DumpIt.exe
```
#### Linux
```bash
# LiME (Linux Memory Extractor)
sudo insmod lime.ko "path=/tmp/memory.lime format=lime"
@@ -39,6 +41,7 @@ sudo cp /proc/kcore memory.elf
```
#### macOS
```bash
# osxpmem
sudo ./osxpmem -o memory.raw
@@ -83,6 +86,7 @@ vol -f memory.raw -s /path/to/symbols windows.pslist
### Essential Plugins
#### Process Analysis
```bash
# List processes
vol -f memory.raw windows.pslist
@@ -104,6 +108,7 @@ vol -f memory.raw windows.cmdline
```
#### Network Analysis
```bash
# Network connections
vol -f memory.raw windows.netscan
@@ -113,6 +118,7 @@ vol -f memory.raw windows.netstat
```
#### DLL and Module Analysis
```bash
# Loaded DLLs per process
vol -f memory.raw windows.dlllist --pid <PID>
@@ -128,6 +134,7 @@ vol -f memory.raw windows.moddump --pid <PID>
```
#### Memory Injection Detection
```bash
# Detect code injection
vol -f memory.raw windows.malfind
@@ -140,6 +147,7 @@ vol -f memory.raw windows.vadyarascan --yara-rules rules.yar
```
#### Registry Analysis
```bash
# List registry hives
vol -f memory.raw windows.registry.hivelist
@@ -152,6 +160,7 @@ vol -f memory.raw windows.registry.hivescan --dump
```
#### File System Artifacts
```bash
# Scan for file objects
vol -f memory.raw windows.filescan

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@@ -330,9 +330,11 @@ export SSLKEYLOGFILE=/tmp/keys.log
# Protocol Name Specification
## Overview
Brief description of protocol purpose and design.
## Transport
- Layer: TCP/UDP
- Port: XXXX
- Encryption: TLS 1.2+
@@ -340,44 +342,52 @@ Brief description of protocol purpose and design.
## Message Format
### Header (12 bytes)
| Offset | Size | Field | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|--------------------------|
| 0 | 4 | Magic | 0x50524F54 ("PROT") |
| 4 | 2 | Version | Protocol version (1) |
| 6 | 2 | Type | Message type identifier |
| 8 | 4 | Length | Payload length in bytes |
| Offset | Size | Field | Description |
| ------ | ---- | ------- | ----------------------- |
| 0 | 4 | Magic | 0x50524F54 ("PROT") |
| 4 | 2 | Version | Protocol version (1) |
| 6 | 2 | Type | Message type identifier |
| 8 | 4 | Length | Payload length in bytes |
### Message Types
| Type | Name | Description |
|------|---------------|--------------------------|
| 0x01 | HELLO | Connection initiation |
| 0x02 | HELLO_ACK | Connection accepted |
| 0x03 | DATA | Application data |
| 0x04 | CLOSE | Connection termination |
| Type | Name | Description |
| ---- | --------- | ---------------------- |
| 0x01 | HELLO | Connection initiation |
| 0x02 | HELLO_ACK | Connection accepted |
| 0x03 | DATA | Application data |
| 0x04 | CLOSE | Connection termination |
### Type 0x01: HELLO
| Offset | Size | Field | Description |
|--------|------|-------------|--------------------------|
| 0 | 4 | ClientID | Unique client identifier |
| 4 | 2 | Flags | Connection flags |
| 6 | var | Extensions | TLV-encoded extensions |
| Offset | Size | Field | Description |
| ------ | ---- | ---------- | ------------------------ |
| 0 | 4 | ClientID | Unique client identifier |
| 4 | 2 | Flags | Connection flags |
| 6 | var | Extensions | TLV-encoded extensions |
## State Machine
```
[INIT] --HELLO--> [WAIT_ACK] --HELLO_ACK--> [CONNECTED]
|
DATA/DATA
|
[CLOSED] <--CLOSE--+
|
DATA/DATA
|
[CLOSED] <--CLOSE--+
```
## Examples
### Connection Establishment
```
Client -> Server: HELLO (ClientID=0x12345678)
Server -> Client: HELLO_ACK (Status=OK)
Client -> Server: DATA (payload)
```
```
### Wireshark Dissector (Lua)